Meaning (TWOTOT index) Val
Aleph The root alap ('alap 108) is rare and means to learn or teach but perhaps not in a very good way (Prov 22:25, Job 15:5, 33:33, 35:11). The identical word alep ('alep 109) means to produce thousands (Ps 144:13 only). Derivation aleph (108a) means oxen (the connection lies perhaps in guidance/ couple). Many suggest that the letter reminds of the head of an ox. 1
Beth The word bayit(bayit 241) means house in the sense of a building, but also household; wife and children. This word also serves to mean House Of The Lord, or Temple. As preposition the letter means 'in'. As such it is the first letter of the Bible. The first word of the Bible comes from the name of the 20th letter: rosh. 2
Gimel The verb gamal(gamal 360) means to deal, or recompense in the sense of benefitting from. Derivation gamal (gamal 360d) means camel. It is said that the letter reminds of a camel's neck. 3
Daleth From root dala(dala 431), draw (water). The word delet (delet 431e) specifically denotes a swinging door of a building. Since doors most commonly opened inward, this 'thing-you-draw' is named after a going out of a house, or letting someone else in.
Other derivations are: dal (dal 431a), door; dala (dala 431b), door; dali (dali 431c), bucket; daliyot (daliyot 431d), branch, bough.
Because a door in Bible times hinged in the upper corner, it is said that the letter daleth reminds of that.
4
He The spelling and thus the meaning of this word is uncertain. Klein spells he(he 461), meaning lo! behold! Fuerst holds to he, and thinks it's a part of the name for heth; letter 8. As prefix this letter serves as the definite particle, the, which is used far less than our word the, and specifically when an emphasis or reference to a previous statement is made. 5
Waw The word waw(waw 520) means hook or peg, and is strictly reserved for the hooks/ pegs that kept the curtains of the tabernacle in place. It is said that the shape of the letter waw reminds of a hook or peg. 6
Zayin Meaning debated. The word zayin does not occur in Scriptures. Klein suggests that the form of the zayin represents a hand weapon, and explains that zyn means arm, ornament, to arm, to adorn (no references to Scriptures). Fuerst goes after the assumed root zwz (zwz 535) of ziz (ziz 523a), moving things (like animals) and mezuza (mezuza 535b), doorpost. Root zww (zww 536)yields ziz (ziz 536a) abundance, fullness.
Another word of interest is zun (zun 539), to feed.
7
Heth Meaning again unknown. According to Fuerst it means fence in, destroy. Fuerst also thinks it has to do with a fence, but it could equally possible be the symbol of stacking stones. 8
Teth Klein derives from twh (twh 794), spin, and renders teth to knot, knot together, to twist into each other, to interweave. The letter teth indeed looks like a little vortex or spiral. 9
Yod One of two regular words for hand (the other being the 11th letter). yad (yad 844) denotes the hand, typically not as outstretched, but rather as holding something or being a fist. The word is synonymous with power or might; to fall in one's hands. It's typical that the alphabet's smallest letter came to mean power, but perhaps it's shape reminded of a little fist. 10
Kaph One of two regular words for hand (the other being the 10th letter). kap (kap 1022a) denotes the hand as outstretched, asking and weak. The word basically encompasses anything that is hollow or outstretched in order to receive something: dish, plate, etc. 20
500
Lamed The verb lamad(lamad 1116) means learn or teach. Derivative talmid (talmid 1116c) means scholar (hence Talmud), and derivative lamad means oxgoad. The letter lamed is said to look like such a device, and when Jesus says to Saul, "it is hard for you to kick against the goads" (Acts 26:14) He may hint at Paul's learning rather than coercion. 30
Mem mayim (mayim 1188) means waters in the sense of a larger body (sea, ocean). It is suggested that the letter mem looks like a wave. 40
600
Nun The verb nun means propagate, increase. Derivative nun means offspring, posterity. The letter is often said to mean and resemble a fish, but the word nun is not used as such in the Bible. In stead, the word for fish comes from another verb which means multiply, increase: daga(daga 401) 50
700
Samekh The verb samak (samak 1514) means lean upon, support, uphold. It is the verb that is used in the phrase "laying on of hands." 60
Ayin The word ayin (ayin 1612) means eye in all regular senses, but also as means of expression (knowledge, character, etc). The word ayin (ayin 1613) means spring or fountain. The eye is one of four bodily "fountains," the other three being mouth, skin and urethra (and only the mouth is not supposed to produce water outwardly). Transpiration releases the body of excessive heat; urine evaluates toxins, and the eye produces water commonly when grief or pain is prosessed. All have to do with cleansing or purification. 70
Pe The word peh(peh 1738) means mouth, but is often synonymous with speech. With a little good will one may recognize a face with a mouth in the shape of this letter. 80
800
Tsadhe Klein derives from the verb sud (sud 1885), to hunt, and states that tsadeh means fish hook (no Biblical occurrence). Another name for this letter is saddiq (saddiq 1879c), just, righteous. 90
900
Qoph This word occurs in Scriptures only as tequpa (tequpa 2001a), meaning a coming around, or circuit of space or time. Klein reports that the root verb qwp (qwp 2001) covers a circular motion and that it also serves to denote the ear of an axe or needle, or the back of the head. BDB relates it to naqap (naqap 1416), go around, compass. An amusing other use of this name is as qop (qop 2000), meaning ape (1 Ki 10:22); probably a loan word. 100
Resh The very common word rosh (rosh 2097) basically means head, but is used to indicate whatever leads or comes first: captain, summit, cap stone. Preceded by the particle beth and in the form reshit (reshit 2097e), first, beginning, best, it is the first word of the Bible: breshit, Breshit; In the beginning.
The word rosh is also used to indicate a certain plant (called head) that yields poison: (rosh 2098), gall, venom. TWOTOT and BDB note that this usage is always figurative: Deut 32:32, Ps 69:21.
A third usage of this word is resh (resh 2138a), poverty, from the root rush (rush 2138), be poor.
200
Sin
As derivation from the verb shanan (shanan 2422), sharpen, the word shen (shen 2422a) means tooth or ivory. Both the verb and the noun are used primarily in a literal sense: sharpening of swords and arrows, but sometimes figuratively: the sharpening of one's tongue (saying sharp, mean words) or the sharpening of one's mind (Deut 6:7). The noun is famous for its part in the lex talionis, the law of retaliation; a soul or a soul, an eye for an eye (16th letter), a tooth for a tooth (21st letter), a hand for a hand (10th letter), a foot for a foot, a branding for a branding, a stripe for a stripe (Ex 21:24). The letter thanks its name perhaps to its looking like a row of teeth. 300
Taw taw (taw 2496a) means mark, and its verb tawa (tawa 2496), scribble, limit, is probably derived from the noun. TWOTOT suggests that the more ancient form of this letter looked like an X, a shape which lends itself easily as a general mark. The word taawa(ta'awa 2496b) means boundary (that which is marked). The verb tawa is used only once in the meaning of pain or wound (tawa 2497) in Ps 78:41. 400