= Server Deployment Package (SDP) for Perforce Helix: SDP User Guide (for Unix)
Perforce Professional Services <consulting@perforce.com>
:revnumber: v2020.1
:revdate: 2020-12-10
:doctype: book
:icons: font
:toc:
:toclevels: 5
:sectnumlevels: 4
:xrefstyle: full
// Attribute for ifdef usage
:unix_doc: true

== Preface

The Server Deployment Package (SDP) is the implementation of Perforce's recommendations for operating and managing a production Perforce Helix Core Version Control System. It is intended to provide the Helix Core administration team with tools to help:

* Simplify Management
* High Availability (HA)
* Disaster Recovery (DR)
* Fast and Safe Upgrades
* Production Focus
* Best Practice Configurables
* Optimal Performance, Data Safety, and Simplified Backup

This guide is intended to provide instructions of setting up the SDP to help provide users of Helix Core with the above benefits.

This guide assumes some familiarity with Perforce and does not duplicate the basic information in the Perforce user documentation.
This document only relates to the Server Deployment Package (SDP). All other Helix Core documentation can be found here: https://www.perforce.com/support/self-service-resources/documentation[Perforce Support Documentation].

*Please Give Us Feedback*

Perforce welcomes feedback from our users. Please send any suggestions for improving this document or the SDP to consulting@perforce.com.

:sectnums:
== Overview

The SDP has four main components:

* Hardware and storage layout recommendations for Perforce.
* Scripts to automate critical maintenance activities
* Scripts to aid the setup and management of replication (including failover for DR/HA)
* Scripts to assist with routine administration tasks.

Each of these components is covered, in detail, in this guide.

=== Using this Guide

<<_setting_up_the_sdp>> describes concepts and re-requisites

<<_installing_the_sdp_on_unix_linux>> consists of what you need to know to setup Helix Core sever on a Unix platform.

<<_backup_replication_and_recovery>> gives information around the Backup, Restoration and Replication of Helix Core, 
including some guidance on planning for HA (High Availability) and DR (Disaster Recovery)

<<_server_upgrades>> also covers upgrades of `p4d` and related executables as well as the SDP itself.

<<_maximizing_server_performance>> covers optimizations and proactive actions.

<<_tools_and_scripts>> covers all the scripts used within the SDP in detail.

<<_sdp_package_contents>> address details of the SDP package.

<<_frequently_asked_questionstroubleshooting>> is useful for other questions.

<<_starting_and_stopping_services>> gives on overview of starting and stopping services with common init mechanisms, `systemd` and SysV.

=== Getting the SDP 

The SDP is downloaded as a single zipped tar file the latest version can be found at: https://swarm.workshop.perforce.com/projects/perforce-software-sdp/files/downloads

The file to download containing the latest SDP is consistently named `sdp.Unix.tgz`. A copy of this file also exists with a version-identifying name, e.g. `sdp.Unix.2019.3.26571.tgz`.

The direct download link to use with `curl` or `wget` is illsustated with this command:

```
curl -k -O https://swarm.workshop.perforce.com/projects/perforce-software-sdp/download/downloads/sdp.Unix.tgz
```

== Setting up the SDP

This section tells you how to configure the SDP to setup a new Helix Core server.

The SDP can be installed on multiple server machines, and each server machine can host one or more Helix Core server instances.

The SDP implements a standard logical directory structure which can be implemented fleixbly on one or many physical server machines.

Additional relevant information is available in the https://www.perforce.com/perforce/doc.current/manuals/p4sag/Content/P4SAG/Home-p4sag.html[System Administrator Guide].

=== Terminology and pre-requisites

[arabic]
. The term _server_ refers to a Helix Core server _instance_, unless otherwise specified.
. The term _metadata_ refers to the Helix Core database files.
. _Instance:_ a separate Helix Core instantiation, with its own data set, set of users, files and changelists managed by a p4d service.

*Pre-Requisites:*

[arabic]
. The Helix Core binaries (p4d, p4, p4broker, p4p) have been downloaded (see <<_installing_the_sdp_on_unix_linux>>)
. _sudo_ access is required
. System administrator available for configuration of drives / volumes (especially if on network or SAN or similar)
. Supported Linux version, currently these versions are fully supported - for other versions please speak with Perforce Support.

* Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (bionic)
* Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (focal fossa)
* CentOS or Red Hat (RHEL) 7.x
* CentOS or Red Hat (RHEL) 8.x
* SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12

TIP: We have seen CentOS/RHEL perform noticably better than Ubuntu with the same storage (e.g. All Flash arrays, and SAN drives) - and thus recommend it.

=== Volume Layout and Hardware

As can be expected from a version control system, good disk (storage) management is key to maximising data integrity and performance. Perforce recommend using multiple physical volumes for *each* server instance. Using three or four volumes per instance reduces the chance of hardware failure affecting more than one instance. When naming volumes and directories the SDP assumes the "hx" prefix is used to indicate Helix volumes (your own naming conventions/standards can be used instead). For optimal performance on UNIX machines, the XFS file system is recommended but not mandated.

* {blank}
+
*Depot data, archive files, scripts, and checkpoints*:
Use a large volume, with RAID 6 on its own controller with a standard amount of cache or a SAN or NAS volume (NFS access is fine).

This volume is the only volume that *must* be backed up.
The SDP backup scripts place the metadata snapshots on this volume.

+
This volume is normally called `/hxdepots`.

* {blank}
+
*Perforce metadata (database files), 1 or 2 volumes:*
Use the fastest volume possible, ideally SSD or RAID 1+0 on a dedicated controller with the maximum cache available on it. Typically a single volume is used, `/hxmetadata`. In some sites with exceptionally large metadata, 2 volumes are used for metadata, `/hxmetadata` and `/hxmetadata2`

IMPORTANT: Do not run anti-virus tools or back up tools against the `hxmetadata` volume(s) or `hxlogs` volume(s), because they can interfere with the operation of the Perforce server.

* {blank}
+
*Journals and logs:*
a fast volume, ideally SSD or RAID 1+0 on its own controller with the standard amount of cache on it.
This volume is normally called `/hxlogs` and can optionally be backed up.

+
If a separate logs volume is not available, put the logs on the `/hxmetadata` or `/hxmetadata1` volume, as metdata and logs have similar performance needs that differ from `/hxdepots`.

WARNING: Storing metadata and logs on the same volume is discouraged, since the redundancy benefit of the P4JOURNAL (stored on `/hxlogs`) is greatly reduced if P4JOURNAL is on the same volume as the metadata in the P4ROOT directory.

NOTE: If multiple controllers are not available, put the `/hxlogs` and `/hxdepots` volumes on the same controller.

The SDP will create a "convenience" directory containing links to the volumes for each instance named `/p4`. The volume layout is shown in <<_sdp_package_contents>>. This convenience directory enables easy access to the different parts of the file system for each instance.

For example:

* `/p4/1/root` contains the database files for instance `1`

* `/p4/1/logs` contains the log files for instance `1`

* `/p4/1/bin` contains the binaries and scripts for instance `1`

* `/p4/common/bin` contains the binaries and scripts common to all instances

== Installing the SDP on Unix / Linux

=== Automated Install

If you are doing a "green field" install, a first-time installation on a new machine that does not yet have any Perforce Helix data, then the https://swarm.workshop.perforce.com/projects/perforce_software-helix-installer[Helix Installer] should be used.

=== Manual Install

The following documentation covers internal details of how the SDP can be deployed manually. Many of the steps below are performed by the Helix Installer.

To install Perforce Server and the SDP, perform the steps laid out below:

* Set up a user account, file system, and configuration scripts.
* Run the configuration script.
* Start the server and configure the required file structure for the SDP.

[.arabic]
. If it doesn't already exist, create a group called `perforce`:

    sudo groupadd perforce

. Create a user called perforce and set the user's home directory to `/p4` on a local disk.

    sudo useradd -d /p4 -s /bin/bash -m perforce -g perforce

. Allow the perforce user sudo access

    sudo echo "perforce ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL" > /etc/sudoers.d/perforce

. Create or mount the server file system volumes (per layout in previous section)

* `/hxdepots`
* `/hxlogs`

+
and either:

* `/hxmetadata`

+
or

* `/hxmetadata1`
* `/hxmetadata2`

. These directories should be owned by: `perforce:perforce`

    sudo chown -R perforce:perforce /hx*

. (Optional) if you have different root directories, or are putting all files into one mounted filesystem (only recommended for small repositories), then do something like the following:

+
Option 1, all under a single directory `/data`:

    cd /data
    mkdir hxmetadata hxlogs hxdepots
    sudo chown -R perforce:perforce /data/hx*
    cd /
    ln -s /data/hx* .
    sudo chown -h perforce:perforce /hx*

+
Option 2, different mounted root folders, e.g. `/P4metadata`, `/P4logs`, `/P4depots`:

    sudo chown -R perforce:perforce /P4metadata /P4logs /P4depots
    cd /
    ln -s /P4Medata hxmetadata
    ln -s /P4logs hxlogs
    ln -s /P4depots hxdepots
    sudo chown -h perforce:perforce /hx*

. Extract the SDP tarball.

    cd /hxdepots
    tar -xzf /WhereYouDownloaded/sdp.Unix.tgz

. Set environment variable SDP.

    export SDP=/hxdepots/sdp

. Make the entire $SDP (`/hxdepot/sdp`) directory writable:

    chmod -R +w $SDP

. Download the appropriate p4, p4d and p4broker binaries for your release and platform:

    cd /hxdepots/sdp/helix_binaries
    ./get_helix_binaries.sh

+
If you want to ensure a particular release:

    cd /hxdepots/sdp/helix_binaries
    ./get_helix_binaries.sh r20.2

==== Manual Install Initial setup

The next steps highlight the setup and configuration of a new Helix Core instance using the `mkdirs.sh` script included in the SDP.

[source]
.Usage
----
include::gen/mkdirs.sh.man.txt[]
----

IMPORTANT: If you use a "name" for the instance (not an integer) you MUST modify the P4PORT variable in the `mkdirs.cfg` file.

NOTE: The instance name must map to the name of the cfg file or the default file will be used with potentially unexpected results.

For example, `mkdirs.sh 1` requires `mkdirs.1.cfg`, or `mkdirs.sh lon` requires `mkdirs.lon.cfg`

[start=3]
. Put the Perforce license file for the server into `/p4/1/root`

NOTE: if you have multiple instances and have been provided with port-specific licenses by Perforce, the appropriate license file must be stored in the appropriate `/p4/<instance>/root` folder.

IMPORTANT: the license file must be renamed to `license`

Your Helix Core instance is now setup, but not running. The next steps detail how to make the Helix Core server a system service.

You are then free to start up the `p4d` instance as documented
<<_startingstopping_perforce_server_products>>

Please note that if you have configured SSL, then refer to <<_use_of_ssl>>

===== Use of SSL

As documented in the comments in mkdirs.cfg, if you are planning to use SSL you need to set the value of:

    SSL_PREFIX=ssl:

Then you need to put certificates in `/p4/ssl` after the SDP install or you can generate a self signed certificate as follows:

Edit `/p4/ssl/config.txt` to put in the info for your company. Then run:

    /p4/common/bin/p4master_run <instance> /p4/<instance>/p4d_<instance> -Gc

For example using instance 1:

    /p4/common/bin/p4master_run 1 /p4/1/bin/p4d_1 -Gc

In order to validate that SSL is working correctly:

    source /p4/common/bin/p4_vars 1

Check that P4TRUST is appropriately set in the output of:

    p4 set

Update the P4TRUST values:

    p4 trust -y
    p4 -p $P4MASTERPORT trust -y

Check the stored P4TRUST values:

    p4 trust -l

Check you are not prompted for trust:

    p4 login
    p4 info

===== Configuration script mkdirs.cfg

The `mkdirs.sh` script executed above resides in `$SDP/Server/Unix/setup`. It sets up the basic directory structure used by the SDP. Carefully review the config file `mkdirs.**_instance_**.cfg` for this script before running it, and adjust the values of the variables as required. The important parameters are:

[cols=",",options="header",]
|===
|Parameter |Description
|DB1 |Name of the hxmetadata1 volume (can be same as DB2)
|DB2 |Name of the hxmetadata2 volume (can be same as DB1)
|DD |Name of the hxdepots volume
|LG |Name of the hxlogs volume
|CN |Volume for /p4/common
|SDP |Path to SDP distribution file tree
|SHAREDDATA |TRUE or FALSE - whether sharing the /hxdepots volume with a replica - normally this is FALSE
|ADMINUSER |P4USER value of a Perforce super user that operates SDP scripts, typically perforce or p4admin.
|OSUSER |Operating system user that will run the Perforce instance, typically perforce.
|OSGROUP |Operating system group that OSUSER belongs to, typically perforce.
|CASE_SENSITIVE |Indicates if server has special case sensitivity settings
|SSL_PREFIX |Set if SSL is required so either "ssl:" or blank for no SSL
a|
P4ADMINPASS

P4SERVICEPASS

a|
Password to use for Perforce superuser account - can be edited later in /p4/common/config/.p4password.p4_1.admin

Service User's password for replication - can be edited later - same dir as above.

|P4MASTERHOST |Fully qualified DNS name of the Perforce master server machine for this instance. If an HA for an edge server this 
should refer to the edge server. Otherwise refer to the commit server.
|===

For a detailed description of this config file it is fully documented with in-file comments, or see

==== Configuring (Automatic) Service Start on Boot

You normally want to configure your host such that the Helix Core Server (and/or Proxy or Broker) will autostart when the machine boots.

This is done using Systemd or Init scripts as covered below.

===== For Systems using systemd

RHEL 7 or 8, CentOS 7 or 8, SuSE 12, Ubuntu (>= v16.04) (and other) distributions utilize *systemd / systemctl* as the mechanism for controlling services, replacing the earlier init process. At present mkdirs.sh does *not* generate the systemd configuration file(s) automatically, but a sample is included in the SDP distribution in (`$SDP/Server/Unix/setup/systemd`), along with a README.md file that describes the configuration process, including for multiple instances.

We recommend that you give the OS user (perforce) sudo access, so that it can run the commands below prefixing them with sudo.

For simple installation run these commands as the root user (or prefix with `sudo`):

    cp $SDP/Server/Unix/setup/system/p4d_1.system /etc/systemd/system/
    sudo systemctl enable p4d_1

|The above enables service for auto-start on boot. The following show management commands:

    sudo systemctl status p4d_1
    sudo systemctl start p4d_1
    sudo systemctl stop p4d_1

IMPORTANT: If you are using `systemd` and you have configured `systemctl` services, then it is vital you ALWAYS use `systemctl` to start/stop etc. Otherwise you risk database corruption if `systemd` does not think the service is running when it actually is running (for example - on shutdown `systemd` will just kill processes without doing it cleanly and waiting for them, because it thinks the service is not running).

===== For (older) systems using the SysV init mechanism (init.d)

The `mkdirs.sh` script creates a set of startup scripts in the instance-specific bin folder:

    /p4/1/bin/p4d_1_init
    /p4/1/bin/p4broker_1_init     # only created if a p4broker executable found
    /p4/1/bin/p4p_1_init          # only created if a p4p executable found

Run these commands as the root user (or sudo): Repeat this step for all init scripts you wish to add.

    cd /etc/init.d
    ln -s /p4/1/bin/p4d_1_init
    chkconfig --add p4d_1_init
    chkconfig p4d_1_init on

===== Starting/Stopping Perforce Server Products

The SDP includes templates for initialization (start/stop) scripts, "init scripts," for a variety of Perforce server products, including:

* p4d
* p4broker
* p4p
* p4dtg

The init scripts are named `/p4/<instance>/bin/<service>_<instance>_init`, e.g. `/p4/1/bin/p4d_1_init` or `/p4/1/bin/p4broker_1_init`.

For example, the init script for starting p4d for Instance 1 is `/p4/1/bin/p4d_1_init`. All init scripts accept at least start, stop, and status arguments. The perforce user can start p4d by calling:

    p4d_1_init start

And stop it by calling:

    p4d_1_init stop

Once logged into Perforce as a super user, the p4 admin stop command can also be used to stop p4d.

All init scripts can be started as the perforce user or the root user. The application runs as the perforce user in any case. If the init scripts are configured as system services (non-systemd distributions), they can also be called by the root user using the service command, as in this example to start p4d:

    service p4d_1_init start

Templates for the init scripts used by `mkdirs.sh` are stored in:

    /p4/common/etc/init.d

There are also basic crontab templates for a Perforce master and replica server in:

    /p4/common/etc/cron.d

These define schedules for routine checkpoint operations, replica status checks, and email reviews.

The Perforce should have a super user defined as named by the P4USER setting in mkdir.

To configure and start instance 1, follow these steps:

[arabic]
. Start the Perforce server by calling

    p4d_1_init start

+
or use `sudo systemctl start p4d_1` if using `sytemd`

==== Completing Your Server Configuration

. Ensure that the admin user configured above has the correct password defined in `/p4/common/config/.p4passwd.p4_1.admin`, and then run the `p4login1` script (which calls the `p4 login` command using the `.p4passwd.p4_1.admin` file).

. For new servers, run this script, which sets several recommended configurables:

    cd /p4/sdp/Server/setup/configure_new_server.sh 1

For existing servers, examine this file, and manually apply the p4 configure command to set configurables on your Perforce server.

Initialize the perforce user's crontab with one of these commands:

    crontab /p4/p4.crontab

and customise execution times for the commands within the crontab files to suite the specific installation.

The SDP uses wrapper scripts in the crontab: `run_if_master.sh`, `run_if_edge.sh`, `run_if_replica.sh`. We suggest you ensure these are working as desired, e.g.

    /p4/common/bin/run_if_master.sh 1 echo yes
    /p4/common/bin/run_if_replica.sh 1 echo yes
    /p4/common/bin/run_if_edge.sh 1 echo yes

The above should output `yes` if you are on the master (commit) machine (or replica/edge as appropriate), but otherwise nothing. Any issues with the above indicate incorrect values for `$MASTER_ID`, or for other values within `/p4/common/config/p4_1.vars` (assuming instance `1`). You can debug this with:

    bash -xv /p4/common/bin/run_if_master.sh 1 echo yes

If in doubt contact support.

==== Validating your SDP installation

Source your SDP environment variables and check that they look appropriate - for <instance> `1`:

    source /p4/common/bin/p4_vars 1

The output of `p4 set` should be something like:

    P4CONFIG=/p4/1/.p4config (config 'noconfig')
    P4ENVIRO=/dev/null/.p4enviro
    P4JOURNAL=/p4/1/logs/journal
    P4LOG=/p4/1/logs/log
    P4PCACHE=/p4/1/cache
    P4PORT=ssl:1666
    P4ROOT=/p4/1/root
    P4SSLDIR=/p4/ssl
    P4TICKETS=/p4/1/.p4tickets
    P4TRUST=/p4/1/.p4trust
    P4USER=perforce

There is a script `/p4/common/bin/verify_sdp.sh`. Run this specifying the <instance> id, e.g.

    /p4/common/bin/verify_sdp.sh 1

The output should be something like:

    verify_sdp.sh v5.6.1 Starting SDP verification on host helixcorevm1 at Fri 2020-08-14 17:02:45 UTC with this command line:
    /p4/common/bin/verify_sdp.sh 1

    If you have any questions about the output from this script, contact support@perforce.com.
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Doing preflight sanity checks.
    Preflight Check: Ensuring these utils are in PATH: date ls grep awk id head tail
    Verified: Essential tools are in the PATH.
    Preflight Check: cd /p4/common/bin
    Verified: cd works to: /p4/common/bin
    Preflight Check: Checking current user owns /p4/common/bin
    Verified: Current user [perforce] owns /p4/common/bin
    Preflight Check: Checking /p4 and /p4/<instance> are local dirs.
    Verified: P4HOME has expected value: /p4/1
    Verified: This P4HOME path is not a symlink: /p4/1
    Verified: cd to /p4 OK.
    Verified: Dir /p4 is a local dir.
    Verified: cd to /p4/1 OK.
    Verified: P4HOME dir /p4/1 is a local dir.

Finishing with:

    Verifications completed, with 0 errors and 0 warnings detected in 57 checks.

If it mentions something like:

    Verifications completed, with 2 errors and 1 warnings detected in 57 checks.

then review the details. If in doubt contact Perforce Support: support@perforce.com

=== Adding convenience environment

Consider adding this to your `.bashrc` for the perforce user as a convenience for when you login:

    echo "source /p4/common/bin/p4_vars 1" >> ~/.bashrc

Obviously if you have multiple instances on the same machine you might want to setup an alias or two to quickly switch between them.

=== Configuring protections, file types, monitoring and security

After the server is installed and configured, either with the Helix Installer or a manual installation, wmost sites will want to modify server permissions ("Protections") and security settings. Other common configuration steps include modifying the file type map and enabling process monitoring. To configure permissions, perform the following steps:

[arabic]
. To set up protections, issue the `p4 protect` command. The protections table is displayed.

. Delete the following line:

    write user * * //depot/...

. Define protections for your server using groups. Perforce uses an inclusionary model. No access is given by default, you must specifically grant access to users/groups in the protections table. It is best for performance to grant users specific access to the areas of the depot that they need rather than granting everyone open access, and then trying to remove access via exclusionary mappings in the protect table even if that means you end up generating a larger protect table.

. To set the server's default file types, run the p4 typemap command and define typemap entries to override Perforce's default behavior.

. Add any file type entries that are specific to your site. Suggestions:

* For already-compressed file types (such as `.zip`, `.gz`, `.avi`, `.gif`), assign a file type of `binary+Fl` to prevent the server from attempting to compress them again before storing them.
* For regular binary files, add `binary+l` to make so that only one person at a time can check them out.

+
A sample file is provided in `$SDP/Server/config/typemap`

If you are doing things like games development with `Unreal Engine` or `Unity`, then there
are specific recommended typemaps to add in KB articles: https://community.perforce.com/s/[Search the Knowledge Base]

. To make your changelists default to restricted (for high security environments):

    p4 configure set defaultChangeType=restricted

=== Operating system configuration

Check <<_maximizing_server_performance>> for detailed recommendations.

=== Other server configurables

There are various configurables that you should consider setting for your server.

Some suggestions are in the file: `$SDP/Server/setup/configure_new_server.sh`

Review the contents and either apply individual settings manually, or edit the file and apply the newly edited version. If you have any questions, please see the https://www.perforce.com/manuals/cmdref/Content/CmdRef/configurables.configurables.html[configurables section in Command Reference Guide appendix] (get the right version for your server!). You can also contact support regarding questions.

=== Archiving configuration files

Now that the server is running properly, copy the following configuration files to the hxdepots volume for backup:

* Any init scripts used in `/etc/init.d` or any systemd scripts to `/etc/systemd/system`
* A copy of the crontab file, obtained using `crontab -l`.
* Any other relevant configuration scripts, such as cluster configuration scripts, failover scripts, or disk failover configuration files.

== Backup, Replication, and Recovery

Perforce servers maintain _metadata_ and _versioned files_. The metadata contains all the information about the files in the depots. Metadata resides in database (db.*) files in the server's root directory (P4ROOT). The versioned files contain the file changes that have been submitted to the server. Versioned files reside on the hxdepots volume.

This section assumes that you understand the basics of Perforce backup and recovery. For more information, consult the Perforce https://www.perforce.com/perforce/doc.current/manuals/p4sag/Content/P4SAG/chapter.backup.html[System Administrator's Guide] and https://www.perforce.com/perforce/doc.current/manuals/p4sag/Content/P4SAG/failover.html#Failover[failover].

=== Typical Backup Procedure

The SDP's maintenance scripts, run as `cron` tasks, periodically back up the metadata. The weekly sequence is described below.

*Seven nights a week, perform the following tasks:*

[arabic]
. Truncate the active journal.
. Replay the journal to the offline database. (Refer to Figure 2: SDP Runtime Structure and Volume Layout for more information on the location of the live and offline databases.)
. Create a checkpoint from the offline database.
. Recreate the offline database from the last checkpoint.

*Once a week, perform the following tasks:*

[arabic]
. Verify all depot files.

*Once every few months, perform the following tasks:*

[arabic]
. Stop the live server.
. Truncate the active journal.
. Replay the journal to the offline database. (Refer to Figure 2: SDP Runtime Structure and Volume Layout for more information on the location of the live and offline databases.)
. Archive the live database.
. Move the offline database to the live database directory.
. Start the live server.
. Create a new checkpoint from the archive of the live database.
. Recreate the offline database from the last checkpoint.
. Verify all depots.

This normal maintenance procedure puts the checkpoints (metadata snapshots) on the hxdepots volume, which contains the versioned files. Backing up the hxdepots volume with a normal backup utility like _robocopy_ or _rsync_ provides you with all the data necessary to recreate the server.

To ensure that the backup does not interfere with the metadata backups (checkpoints), coordinate backup of the hxdepots volume using the SDP maintenance scripts.

The preceding maintenance procedure minimizes server downtime, because checkpoints are created from offline or saved databases while the server is running.

NOTE: With no additional configuration, the normal maintenance prevents loss of more than one day's metadata changes. To provide an optimal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_point_objective[Recovery Point Objective] (RPO), the SDP provides additional tools for replication.

=== Planning for HA and DR

// tag::HA_and_DR[]

The concepts for HA (High Availability) and DR (Disaster Recovery) are fairly similar - they are both types of Helix Core replica. 

When you have servers with Services of `commit-server`, `standard`, or `edge-server` - see https://www.perforce.com/perforce/doc.current/manuals/p4sag/Content/P4SAG/deployment-architecture.html[deployment architectures] you 
should consider your requirements for how to recover from a failure to any such servers.

See also https://community.perforce.com/s/article/5434[Replica types and use cases]

The key issues are around ensuring that you have have appropriate values for the following measures for your Helix Core installation:

* RTO - Recovery Time Objective - how long will it take you to recover to a backup?
* RPO - Recovery Point Objective - how much data are you prepared to risk losing if you have to failover to a backup server?

We need to consider planned vs unplanned failover. Planned may be due to upgrading the core Operating System or some other dependency in your infrastructure, or a similar activity.

Unplanned covers risks you are seeking to mitigate with failover:

* loss of a machine, or some machine related hardware failure (e.g. network)
* loss of a VM cluster
* failure of storage
* loss of a data center or machine room
* etc...

So, if your main `commit-server` fails, how fast should be you be able to be up and running again, and how much data might you be prepared to lose? What is the potential disruption to your organisation if the Helix Core repository is down? How many people would be impacted in some way?

You also need to consider the costs of your mitigation strategies. For example, this can range from:

* taking a backup once per 24 hours and requiring maybe an hour or two to restore it. Thus you might lose up to 24 hours of work for an unplanned failure, and require several hours to restore.
* having a high availability replica which is a mirror of the server hardware and ready to take over within minutes if required

Having a replica for HA or DR is likely to reduce your RPO and RTO to well under an hour (<10 minutes if properly prepared for) - at the cost of the resources to run such a replica, and the management overhead to monitor it appropriately.

Typically we would define:

* An HA replica is close to its upstream server, e.g. in the same Data Center - this minimises the latency for replication, and reduces RPO
* A DR replica is in a more remote location, so maybe risks being further behind in replication (thus higher RPO), but mitigates against catastrophic loss of a data center or similar. Note that "further behind" is still typically seconds for metadata, but can be minutes for submits with many GB of files.

==== Further Resources

* https://community.perforce.com/s/article/3166[High Reliability Solutions]

==== Creating a Failover Replica for Commit or Edge Server

A commit server is the ultimate store for submitted data, and also for any workspace state (WIP - work in progress) for users directly working with the commit server.

An edge server maintains its own copy of workspace state (WIP). If you have people connecting to an edge server, then any workspaces they create (and files they open for some action) will be only stored on the edge server. Thus it is normally recommended to have an HA backup server, so that users don't lose their state in case of failover.

There is a concept of a "build edge" which is an edge server which only supports build farm users. In this scenario it may be deemed acceptable to not have an HA backup server, since in the case of failure of the edge, it can be re-seeded from the commit server. All build farm clients would be recreated from scratch so there would be no problems.

==== What is a Failover Replica?

As of 2018.2 release, p4d supports a `standby` replica (replica with `Services` set to `standby` or `forwarding-standby`). Such a replica performs a `journalcopy` replication of metadata, with a local pull thread to update its `db.*` files.

See also: https://community.perforce.com/s/article/16462[Configuring a Helix Core Standby]. 

ifdef::unix_doc[]
On Unix the SDP script <<_using_mkrep_sh>> does all you require.
endif::[]

==== Mandatory vs Non-mandatory Standbys

When defining a standby server, you run `p4 server commit-standby` for example, to get:

     ServerID:     commit-standby
     Type:         server
     Address:      {standbyserver host}:{port number}
     Services:     standby
     Options:      nomandatory                 
     ReplicatingFrom:     {commit-server-ID}     
     Description:    Standby server for {commit-server-ID}.

The `Options` field can be `nomandatory` or `mandatory`.

In the case of `mandatory`, the upstream commit server will wait until this server confirms it has processed and journal entries before responding to other downstream replicas. This allows easy failover, since it is guaranteed that no downstream servers is *ahead* of the replica.

Thus downstream servers can simply be re-directed to point to the standby and will carry on working without problems.

IMPORTANT: If a server which is marked as `mandatory` goes offline for any reason, the replication to other replicas will STOP - and it may not be obvious why it has stopped! Thus it is very important to monitor very carefully your "mandatory" replicas!

If set to `nomandatory` then there is no risk of delaying dowsntream replicas, however there is equally no guarantee that they will be able to switch seamlessly over to the new server.

NOTE: We recommend creating `mandatory` replica(s) if the server is local to its commit server, and also if you have good monitoring in place to quickly detect replication lag or other issues.

==== Server host naming conventions

This is recommended, but not a requirement for SDP scripts to implement failover.

* Use a name that does not indicate switchable roles, e.g. don't indicate in the name whether a host is a master/primary or backup, or edge server and it's backup. This might otherwise lead to confusion once you have performed a failover and the host name is no longer appropriate.
* Use names ending numeric designators, e.g. -01 or -05. The goal is to avoid being in a post-failover situation where a machine with `master` or `primary` is actually the backup. Also, the assumption is that host names will never need to change.
* While you don't want switchable roles baked into the hostname, you can have static roles, e.g. use p4d vs. p4p in the host name (as those generally don't change).  The p4d could be primary, standby, edge, edge's standby (switchable roles).
* Using a short geographic site is sometimes helpful/desirable. If used, use the same site tag used in the ServerID, e.g. aus.  

ifdef::unix_doc[]
+
Valid site tags should be listed in: `/p4/common/config/SiteTags.cfg` - see <<_sitetags_cfg>>
endif::[]

* Using a short tag to indicate the major OS version is sometimes helpful/desirable, eg. c7 for CentOS 7, or r8 for RHEL 8. This is based on the idea that when the major OS is upgraded, you either move to new hardware, or change the host name (an exception to the rule above about never changing the hostname). This option maybe overkill for many sites.
* End users should reference a DNS name that may include the site tag, but would exclude the number, OS indicator, and server type (`p4d`/`p4p`/`p4broker`), replacing all that with just `perforce` or optionally just `p4`.  General idea is that users needn't be bothered by under-the-covers tech of whether something is a proxy or replica.
* For edge servers, it is advisable to include `edge` in both the host and DNS name, as users and admins needs to be aware of the functional differences due to a server being an edge server.

Examples:

* `p4d-aus-r7-03`, a master in Austin on RHEL 7, pointed to by a DNS name like `p4-aus`.
* `p4d-aus-03`, a master in Austin (no indication of server OS), pointed to by a DNS name like `p4-aus`.
* `p4d-aus-r7-04`, a standby replica in Austin on RHEL 7, not pointed to by a DNS until failover, at which point it gets pointed to by `p4-aus`.
* `p4p-syd-r8-05`, a proxy in Sydney on RHEL 8, pointed to by a DNS name like `p4-syd`.
* `p4d-syd-r8-04`, a replica that replaced the proxy in Sydney, on RHEL 8, pointed to by a DNS name like `p4-syd` (same as the proxy it replaced).
* `p4d-edge-tok-s12-03`, an edge in Tokyo running SuSE12, pointed to by a DNS name like `p4edge-tok`.
* `p4d-edge-tok-s12-04`, a replica of an edge in Tokyo running SuSE12, not pointed to by a DNS name until failover, at which point it gets pointed to by `p4edge-tok`.

FQDNs (fully qualified DNS names) of short DNS names used in these examples would also exist, and would be based on the same short names.

// end::HA_and_DR[] 

=== Full One-Way Replication

Perforce supports a full one-way https://www.perforce.com/perforce/doc.current/manuals/p4sag/Content/P4SAG/replication.html[replication] of data from a master server to a replica, including versioned files. The https://www.perforce.com/manuals/cmdref/Content/CmdRef/p4_pull.html#p4_pull[p4 pull] command is the replication mechanism, and a replica server can be configured to know it is a replica and use the replication command. The p4 pull mechanism requires very little configuration and no additional scripting. As this replication mechanism is simple and effective, we recommend it as the preferred replication technique. Replica servers can also be configured to only contain metadata, which can be useful for reporting or offline checkpointing purposes. See the Distributing Perforce Guide for details on setting up replica servers.

If you wish to use the replica as a read-only server, you can use the https://www.perforce.com/perforce/doc.current/manuals/p4sag/Content/P4SAG/chapter.broker.html[P4Broker] to direct read-only commands to the replica or you can use a forwarding replica. The broker can do load balancing to a pool of replicas if you need more than one replica to handle your load. 

==== Replication Setup

To configure a replica server, first configure a machine identically to the master server (at least as regards the link structure such as `/p4`, `/p4/common/bin` and `/p4/**_instance_**/*`), then install the SDP on it to match the master server installation. Once the machine and SDP install is in place, you need to configure the master server for replication.

Perforce supports many types of replicas suited to a variety of purposes, such as:

* Real-time backup,
* Providing a disaster recovery solution,
* Load distribution to enhance performance,
* Distributed development,
* Dedicated resources for automated systems, such as build servers, and more.

We always recommend first setting up the replica as a read-only replica and ensuring that everything is working. Once that is the case you can easily modify server specs and configurables to change it to a forwarding replica, or an edge server etc.

==== Replication Setup for Failover

This is just a special case of replication, but implementing <<_what_is_a_failover_replica>>

Please note the section below <<_using_mkrep_sh>> which implements many details.

==== Pre-requisites for Failover

// tag::prerequisites_for_failover[]

These are vital as part of your planning.

* Obtain and install a license for your replica(s)

+
Your commit or standard server has a license file (tied to IP address), while your replicas do not require one to function as replicas.

+
However, in order for a replica to function as a replacement for a commit or standard server, it must have a suitable license installed.

+
This should be requested when the replica is first created. See the form: https://www.perforce.com/support/duplicate-server-request

* Review your authentication mechanism (LDAP etc) - is the LDAP server contactable from the replica machine (firewalls etc configured appropriately).
* Review all your triggers and how they are deployed - will they work on the failover host?

+
Is the right version of Perl/Python etc correctly installed and configured on the failover host with all imported libraries?

IMPORTANT: TEST, TEST, TEST!!! It is important to test the above issues as part of your planning. For peace of mind you don't want to be finding problems at the time of trying to failover for real, which may be in the middle of the night!

// end::prerequisites_for_failover[]

On Linux:

* Review the configuration of options such as <<_ensure_transparent_huge_pages_thp_is_turned_off>> and also <<_putting_server_locks_directory_into_ram>> are correctly configured for your HA server machine - otherwise you *risk reduced performance* after failover.

==== Using mkrep.sh

The SDP `mkrep.sh` script should be used to expand your Helix Topology, e.g. adding replicas and edge servers.

NOTE: When creating server machines to be used as Helix servers, the server machines should be named following a well-designed host naming convention.  The SDP has no dependency on the convetion used, and so any existing local naming convetion can be applied. The SDP includes a suggesetd naming convention in <<_server_host_naming_conventions>>

[source]
.Usage
----
include::gen/mkrep.sh.man.txt[]
----

===== SiteTags.cfg

The `mkrep.sh` documentation references a SiteTags.cfg file used to register short tag names for geographic sites. Location is: `/p4/common/config/SiteTags.cfg`

.Example/Format
----
include::../Server/Unix/p4/common/config/SiteTags.cfg[]
----

===== Output of `mkrep.sh`

The output of `mkrep.sh` (which is also written to a log file in `/p4/<instance>/logs/mkrep.*`) describes a number of steps required to continue setting up the replica after the metadata configuration performed by the script is done.

==== Addition Replication Setup

In addition to steps recommended by `mkrep.sh`, there are other steps to be aware of to prepare a replica server machine.

==== SDP Installation

The SDP must first be installed on the replica server machine.  If SDP already exists on the machine but not for the current instance, then `mkdirs.sh` must be used to add a new instance to the machine.

===== SSH Key Setup

SSH keys for the `perforce` operating system user should be setup to allow the `perforce` user to `ssh` and `rsync` among the Helix server machines in the topoolgy. If no `~perforce/.ssh` directory exist on a machine, it can be created with this command:

=== Recovery Procedures

There are three scenarios that require you to recover server data:

[cols=",,",options="header",]
|===
|Metadata |Depotdata |Action required
|lost or corrupt |Intact |Recover metadata as described below
|Intact |lost or corrupt |Call Perforce Support
|lost or corrupt |lost or corrupt a|
Recover metadata as described below.

Recover the hxdepots volume using your normal backup utilities.

|===

Restoring the metadata from a backup also optimizes the database files.

==== Recovering a master server from a checkpoint and journal(s)

The checkpoint files are stored in the `/p4/**_instance_**/checkpoints` directory, and the most recent checkpoint is named `p4_**_instance_**.ckp.**_number_**.gz`. Recreating up-to-date database files requires the most recent checkpoint, from `/p4/**_instance_**/checkpoints` and the journal file from `/p4/**_instance_**/logs`.

To recover the server database manually, perform the following steps from the root directory of the server (/p4/instance/root).

Assuming instance 1:

[arabic]
. Stop the Perforce Server by issuing the following command:

    /p4/1/bin/p4_1 admin stop

. Delete the old database files in the `/p4/1/root/save` directory

. Move the live database files (db.*) to the save directory.

. Use the following command to restore from the most recent checkpoint.

    /p4/1/bin/p4d_1 -r /p4/1/root -jr -z /p4/1/checkpoints/p4_1.ckp.####.gz

. To replay the transactions that occurred after the checkpoint was created, issue the following command:

    /p4/1/bin/p4d_1 -r /p4/1/root -jr /p4/1/logs/journal

[arabic, start=6]
. Restart your Perforce server.

If the Perforce service starts without errors, delete the old database files from `/p4/instance/root/save`.

If problems are reported when you attempt to recover from the most recent checkpoint, try recovering from the preceding checkpoint and journal. If you are successful, replay the subsequent journal. 
If the journals are corrupted, contact mailto:support@perforce.com[Perforce Technical Support]. 
For full details about backup and recovery, refer to the https://www.perforce.com/perforce/doc.current/manuals/p4sag/Content/P4SAG/chapter.backup.html[Perforce System Administrator's Guide].

==== Recovering a replica from a checkpoint

This is very similar to creating a replica in the first place as described above.

If you have been running the replica crontab commands as suggested, then you will have the latest checkpoints from the master already copied across to the replica through the use of <<_sync_replica_sh>>.

See the steps in the script <<_sync_replica_sh>> for details (note that it deletes the state and rdb.lbr files from the replica root directory so that the replica starts replicating from the start of a journal).

Remember to ensure you have logged the service user in to the master server (and that the ticket is stored in the correct location as described when setting up the replica).

==== Recovering from a tape backup

This section describes how to recover from a tape or other offline backup to a new server machine if the server machine fails. The tape backup for the server is made from the hxdepots volume. The new server machine must have the same volume layout and user/group settings as the original server. In other words, the new server must be as identical as possible to the server that failed.

To recover from a tape backup, perform the following steps (assuming instance `1`):

[arabic]
. Recover the hxdepots volume from your backup tape.
. Create the `/p4` convenience directory on the OS volume.
. Create the directories `/metadata/p4/1/root/save` and `/metadata/p4/1/offline_db`.
. Change ownership of these directories to the OS account that runs the Perforce processes.
. Switch to the Perforce OS account, and create a link in the `/p4` directory to `/depotadata/p4/1`.
. Create a link in the `/p4` directory to `/hxdepots/p4/common`.
. As a super-user, reinstall and enable the `init.d` scripts
. Find the last available checkpoint, under `/p4/1/checkpoints`
. Recover the latest checkpoint by running:

    /p4/1/bin/p4d_1 -r /p4/1/root -jr -z <last_ckp_file>

. Recover the checkpoint to the offline_db directory (assuming instance 1):

    /p4/1/bin/p4d_1 -r /p4/1/offline_db -jr -z <last_ckp_file>

. Reinstall the Perforce server license to the server root directory.
. Start the perforce service by running 1/p4/1/bin/p4d_1_init start`
. Verify that the server instance is running.
. Reinstall the server crontab or scheduled tasks.
. Perform any other initial server machine configuration.
. Verify the database and versioned files by running the `p4verify.sh` script. Note that files using the https://www.perforce.com/manuals/cmdref/Content/CmdRef/file.types.synopsis.modifiers.html[+k] file type modifier might be reported as BAD! after being moved. Contact Perforce Technical Support for assistance in determining if these files are actually corrupt.

==== Failover to a replicated standby machine

See link:SDP_Failover_Guide.pdf[SDP Failover Guide (PDF)] or link:SDP_Failover_Guide.html[SDP Failover Guide (HTML)]
for detailed steps.

== Server Upgrades

This section describes typical maintenance tasks and best practices for administering server machines.

=== Upgrading an existing SDP installation

If you have an earlier version of the Server Deployment Package (SDP) installed, you'll want to be aware of the new -test flag to the SDP setup script, `mkdirs.sh` e.g.

    sudo mkdirs.sh 1 -test

This will install into `/tmp` and allow you to recursively diff the installed files with your existing installation and manually update as necessary.

See the instructions in the file README.md / README.html in the root of the SDP directory.

=== P4D Server upgrades

Upgrading a Helix Core server instance in the SDP framework is a simple process involving a few steps.

==== Get Latest Helix Binaries

Acquire the latest Perforce Helix binaries to stage them for upgrade using the `get_helix_binaries.sh` script.

If you have mulitple server machines with SDP, staging can be done with this script on one machine first, and then the `/hxdepots/sdp/helix_binaries` folder can be rsync'd to other machines.

Alternately, this script can be run on the each machine, but as patches can be released at any time, running it once and then distributing the helix_binaries directory internally via rsync is preferred to ensure all machines at your site deploy with the same binaries.

See <<_get_helix_binaries_sh>>

==== Upgrade Each Instance

Use the SDP `upgrade.sh` script to upgrade each instance of Helix on the current machine, using the staged binaries. The upgrade process handles all aspects of upgrading, including adjusting the database structure, excuting commands to upgrade the p4d database schema, and managing the SDP symlinks in `/p4/common/bin`.

Instances can be upgraded independently of each other.

See <<_upgrade_sh>>.

==== Global Topology Upgrades - Outer to Inner

For any given instance, be aware of the Helix topology when performing upgrades, specifically whether that instance has replicas and/or edge servers. When replicas and edge servers exist (and are active), the order in which `upgrade.sh` must be run on different server machines matters.  Perform upgrades following an "outer to inner" strategy.

For example, say for SDP instance 1, your site has the following server machines:

* bos-helix-01 - The master (in Boston, USA)
* bos-helix-02 - Replica of master (in Boston, USA)
* nyc-helix-03 - Replica of master (in New York, USA)
* syd-helix-04 - Edge Server (in Sydney, AU)
* syd-helix-05 - Replica of Sydney edge (in Sydney)

Envision the above topology with the master server in the center, and two concentric circles.

The Replica of the Sydney edge would be done first, as it is by itself in the outermost.

The Edge server and two Replicas of the master are all at the next inner circle. So bos-helix-02, nyc-helix-03, and syd-helix-04 could be upgraded in any order with respect to each other, or even simultaneously, as they are in the same circle.

The master is the innermost, and would be upgraded last.

If the user were logged in as as the `perforce` operating system user on a machine with properly configured SSH keys, the global topology could be done somethin like this (after distributing /hxddepots/sdp/helix_binaries to all machines):

    ssh syd-helix-05 upgrade.sh
    ssh syd-helix-04 upgrade.sh
    ssh nyc-helix-03 upgrade.sh
    ssh bos-helix-02 upgrade.sh
    ssh bos-helix-01 upgrade.sh

=== Database Modifications

Occasionally modifications are made to the Perforce database from one release to another. For example, server upgrades and some recovery procedures modify the database.

When upgrading the server, replaying a journal patch, or performing any activity that modifies the db.* files, you must restart the offline checkpoint process so that the files in the offline_db directory match the ones in the live server directory. The easiest way to restart the offline checkpoint process is to run the live_checkpoint script after modifying the db.* files, as follows:

    /p4/common/bin/live_checkpoint.sh 1

This script makes a new checkpoint of the modified database files in the live `root` directory, then recovers that checkpoint to the `offline_db` directory so that both directories are in sync. This script can also be used anytime to create a checkpoint of the live database.

This command should be run when an error occurs during offline checkpointing. It restarts the offline checkpoint process from the live database files to bring the offline copy back in sync. If the live checkpoint script fails, contact Perforce Consulting at consulting@perforce.com.

== Maximizing Server Performance

The following sections provide some guidelines for maximizing the performance of the Perforce Server, using tools provided by the SDP. More information on this topic can be found in the https://community.perforce.com/s/article/2529[Knowledge Base].

=== Ensure Transparent Huge Pages (THP) is turned off

This is reference https://community.perforce.com/s/article/3005[KB Article on Platform Notes]

There is a script in the SDP which will do this:

    /p4/sdp/Server/Unix/setup/os_tweaks.sh

It needs to be run as `root` or using `sudo`. This will not persist after system is rebooted.

TIP: We recommend the usage of `tuned`

Install as appropriate for your Linux distribution (so as `root`):

    yum install tuned

or

    apt-get install tuned

. Create a customized `tuned` profile with disabled THP. Create a new directory in `/etc/tuned` directory with desired profile name:

    mkdir /etc/tuned/nothp_profile

. Then create a new `tuned.conf` file for `nothp_profile`, and insert the new tuning info:

    cat <<EOF > /etc/tuned/nothp_profile/tuned.conf 
    [main]
    include= throughput-performance

    [vm]
    transparent_hugepages=never
    EOF

. Make the script executable

    chmod +x /etc/tuned/nothp_profile/tuned.conf

. Enable `nothp_profile` using the `tuned-adm` command.

    tuned-adm profile nothp_profile

. This change will immediately take effect and persist after reboots. To verify if THP are disabled or not, run below command:

    cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
    always madvise [never]

=== Putting server.locks directory into RAM

The `server.locks` directory is maintained in the $P4ROOT (so `/p4/1/root`) for a running server. This directory contains a tree of 17 byte long files which is used for lock co-ordination amongst p4d processes.

This directory can be removed every time the p4d instance is restarted, so it is safe to put it into a tmpfs filesystem.

Even on a large installation with many hundreds or thousands of users, this directory will be unlikely to exceed 1GB, so a 2GB filesystem will be ample.

Instructions (as user `root`):

. Create directory to mount, and change ownership to `perforce` user (or `$OSUSER` if SDP config specifies a different name)

    mkdir /hxserverlocks
    chown perforce:perforce /hxserverlocks

. Add a line to `/etc/fstab`:

    tmpfs /hxserverlocks tmpfs size=1G,mode=0755 0 0

. Mount the drive:

    mount -a

. Check it is looking correct:

    df -h

As user `perforce`, set the configurable, specifying the serverid of your server (to ensure it is not set globally and picked up by all replicas):

    p4 configure set <serverid>#server.locks.dir=<serverlocks dir>

    p4 configure set master.1#server.locks.dir=/p4serverlocks

This will take effect immediately - it does not require a server restart.

IMPORTANT: If you set this globally (without `servid#` prefix), then you should ensure that all replicas have
a similarly named directory availab.e

IMPORTANT: Consider failover options - so review your HA failover server configuration and create a similar entry 
- otherwise if you failover then performance will be reduced.

=== Optimizing the database files

The Perforce Server's database is composed of b-tree files. The server does not fully rebalance and compress them during normal operation. To optimize the files, you must checkpoint and restore the server. This normally only needs to be done very few months.

To minimize the size of back up files and maximize server performance, minimize the size of the db.have and db.label files.

=== P4V Performance Settings

These are covered in: https://community.perforce.com/s/article/2878

=== Proactive Performance Maintenance

This section describes some things that can be done to proactively to enhance scalability and maintain performance.

==== Limiting large requests

To prevent large requests from overwhelming the server, you can limit the amount of data and time allowed per query by setting the maxresults, maxscanrows and maxlocktime parameters to the lowest setting that does not interfere with normal daily activities. As a good starting point, set maxscanrows to maxresults * 3; set maxresults to slightly larger than the maximum number of files the users need to be able to sync to do their work; and set maxlocktime to 30000 milliseconds. These values must be adjusted up as the size of your server and the number of revisions of the files grow. To simplify administration, assign limits to groups rather than individual users.

To prevent users from inadvertently accessing large numbers of files, define their client view to be as narrow as possible, considering the requirements of their work. Similarly, limit users' access in the protections table to the smallest number of directories that are required for them to do their job.

Finally, keep triggers simple. Complex triggers increase load on the server.

==== Offloading remote syncs

For remote users who need to sync large numbers of files, Perforce offers a https://www.perforce.com/perforce/doc.current/manuals/p4sag/Content/P4SAG/chapter.proxy.html[proxy server]. P4P, the Perforce Proxy, is run on a machine that is on the remote users' local network. The Perforce Proxy caches file revisions, serving them to the remote users and diverting that load from the main server.

P4P is included in the Windows installer. To launch P4P on Unix machines, copy the `/p4/common/etc/init.d/p4p_1_init script` to `/p4/1/bin/p4p_1_init`. Then review and customize the script to specify your server volume names and directories.

P4P does not require special hardware but it can be quite CPU intensive if it is working with binary files, which are CPU-intensive to attempt to compress. It doesn't need to be backed up. If the P4P instance isn't working, users can switch their port back to the main server and continue working until the instance of P4P is fixed.

== Tools and Scripts

This section describes the various scripts and files provided as part of the SDP package. 

=== General SDP Usage

This section presents an overview of the SDP scripts and tools, with details covered in subsequent sections.

==== Linux 

Most scripts and tools reside in `/p4/common/bin`. The `/p4/<instance>/bin` directory (e.g. `/p4/1/bin`) contains scripts or links that are specific to that instance such as wrappers for the p4d executable.

Older versions of the SDP required you to always run important administrative commands using the `p4master_run` script, and specify fully qualified paths. This script loads environment information from `/p4/common/bin/p4_vars`, the central environment file of the SDP, ensuring a controlled environment. The `p4_vars` file includes instance specific environment data from `/p4/common/config/p4_**_instance_.**vars` e.g. `/p4/common/config/p4_1.vars`. The `p4master_run script` is still used when running p4 commands against the server unless you set up your environment first by sourcing p4_vars with the instance as a parameter (for bash shell: `source /p4/common/bin/p4_vars 1`). Administrative scripts, such as `daily_backup.sh`, no longer need to be called with `p4master_run` however, they just need you to pass the instance number to them as a parameter.

When invoking a Perforce command directly on the server machine, use the p4_**__instance__** wrapper that is located in `/p4/**_instance_**/bin`. This wrapper invokes the correct version of the p4 client for the instance. The use of these wrappers enables easy upgrades, because the wrapper is a link to the correct version of the p4 client. There is a similar wrapper for the p4d executable, called p4d_**__instance__**. 

NOTE: This wrapper is important to handle case sensitivity in a consistent manner, e.g. when running a Unix server in case-insensitive mode. If you just execut `p4d` directly when it should be case-insenstive, then you may cause problems, or commands will fail.

Below are some usage examples for instance 1.

[cols=",",options="header",]
|===
|_Example_ |_Remarks_
|`/p4/common/bin/p4master_run 1 /p4/1/bin/p4_1 admin stop` |Run `p4 admin stop` on instance 1
|`/p4/common/bin/live_checkpoint.sh 1` |Take a checkpoint of the live database on instance 1
|`/p4/common/bin/p4login 1` |Log in as the perforce user (superuser) on instance 1.
|===

Some maintenance scripts can be run from any client workspace, if the user has administrative access to Perforce.

==== Monitoring SDP activities

The important SDP maintenance and backup scripts generate email notifications when they complete.

For further monitoring, you can consider options such as:

* Making the SDP log files available via a password protected HTTP server.
* Directing the SDP notification emails to an automated system that interprets the logs.

=== Upgrade Scripts

==== get_helix_binaries.sh

[source]
.Usage
----
include::gen/get_helix_binaries.sh.man.txt[]
----

==== upgrade.sh

The `upgrade.sh` script is used to upgrade `p4d` and other Perforce Helix binaries on a given server machine.

The links for different versions of `p4d` are described in <<_p4d_versions_and_links>>

[source]
.Usage
----
include::gen/upgrade.sh.man.txt[]
----


=== Core Scripts

The core SDP scripts are those related to checkpoints and other scheduled operations, and all run from `/p4/common/bin`.

If you `source /p4/common/bin/p4_vars <instance>` then the `/p4/common/bin` directory will be added to your $PATH.

==== p4_vars

Defines the environment variables required by the Perforce server. This script uses a specified instance number as a basis for setting environment variables. It will look for and open the respective p4_<instance>.vars file (see next section).

This script also sets server logging options and configurables.

It is intended to be used by other scripts fro common environment settings, and also by users for setting the environment of their Bash shell.

.Usage

    source /p4/common/bin/p4_vars 1

==== p4_<instance>.vars

Defines the environment variables for a specific instance, including P4PORT etc. 

This script is called by <<_p4_vars>> - it is not intended to be called directly by a user.

For instance `1`:

    p4_1.vars

For instance `art`:

    p4_art.vars

*Location*: /p4/common/config

==== p4master_run

This is the wrapper script to other SDP scripts. This ensures that the shell environment is loaded from `p4_vars`. It provides a '-c' flag for silent operation, used in many crontab so that email is sent from the scripts themselves.

This script is somewhat historical, in that most scripts now directly `source` the `p4_vars` script directly. It is still occasionally useful.

==== daily_checkpoint.sh

This script is configured to run six days a week using crontab. The script:

* truncates the journal
* replays it into the `offline_db` directory
* creates a new checkpoint from the resulting database files
* recreates the `offline_db` databsae from the new checkpoint.

This procedure rebalances and compresses the database files in the `offline_db` directory. These are rotated into the live (`root`) databse, by the script <<_refresh_p4root_from_offline_db_sh>>

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/daily_checkpoint.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/daily_checkpoint.sh 1

==== recreate_offline_db.sh

Recovers the offline_db database from the latest checkpoint and replays any journals since then. If you have a problem with the offline database then it is worth running this script first before running <<_live_checkpoint_sh>>, as the latter will stop the server while it is running, which can take hours for a large installation.

Run this script if an error occurs while replaying a journal during daily checkpoint process.

This script recreates offline_db files from the latest checkpoint. If it fails, then
check to see if the most recent checkpoint in the `/p4/<instance>/checkpoints` directory is
bad (ie doesn't look like the right size compared to the others), and if so, delete it
and rerun this script. If the error you are getting is that the journal replay failed,
then the only option is to run <<_live_checkpoint_sh>> script.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/recreate_offline_db.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/recreate_offline_db.sh 1

==== live_checkpoint.sh

This is a fallback option for use when you suspect that the `offline_db` has become corrupt.

This performs the following actions:

* Stops the server
* Creates a checkpoint from the live database files
* Recovers the `offline_db` database from that checkpoint to rebalance and compress the files

Run this script when creating the server and if an error occurs while replaying a journal during the off-line checkpoint process. 

IMPORTANT: Be aware it locks live database for the duration of the checkpoint which can take hours for a large installation (please check the `/p4/1/logs/checkpoint.log` for the most recent output of `daily_backup.sh` to see how long checkpoints take to create/restore).

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/live_checkpoint.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/live_checkpoint.sh 1

==== p4verify.sh

Verifies the integrity of the depot files. This script is run by crontab on a regular basis.

It verifies https://www.perforce.com/manuals/cmdref/Content/CmdRef/p4_verify.html[both shelves and ordinary archive files]

Any errors in the log file (e.g. `/p4/1/logs/p4verify.log`) should be handled according to KB articles:

* https://community.perforce.com/s/article/3186[MISSING! errors from p4 verify]
* https://community.perforce.com/s/article/2404[BAD! error from p4 verify]

If in doubt contact support@perforce.com

Our recommendation is that you should expect this to be without error, and you should address errors sooner rather than later. This may involve obliterating unrecoverable errors.

NOTE: when run on replicas, this will also append the `-t` flag to the `p4 verify` command to ensure that MISSING files are scheduled for transfer. This is useful to keep replicas (including edge servers) up-to-date.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/p4verify.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/p4verify.sh 1

[source]
----
include::gen/p4verify.sh.man.txt[]
----

==== p4login

Executes a p4 login command, using the administration password configured in `mkdirs.cfg` and subsequently stored in a text file: `/p4/common/config/.p4passwd
.p4_<instance>.admin`

[source]
.Usage
----
include::gen/p4login.man.txt[]
----

==== p4d_<instance>_init

Starts the Perforce server. Can be called directly or as describe in  <<_configuring_automatic_service_start_on_boot>>

IMPORTANT: Do not use directly if you have configured systemctl for systemd Linux distributions such as CentOS 7.x. This risks database corruption if `systemd` does not think the service is running when it actually is running (for example on shutdown systemd will just kill processes without waiting for them).

This script sources `/p4/common/bin/p4_vars`, then runs `/p4/common/bin/p4d_base` (<<_p4d_base>>).

.Usage

    /p4/<instance>/bin/p4d_<instance>_init [ start | stop | status | restart ]
    /p4/1/bin/p4d_1_init start

==== refresh_P4ROOT_from_offline_db.sh

This script is intended to be used every 1-3 months to ensure that your live (`root`) database files are defragmented.

It will:

* stop p4d
* truncate/rotate live journal
* replay journals to offline_db
* switch the links between `root` and `offline_db`
* restart p4d

It also knows how to do similar processes on edge servers and standby servers or other replicas.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/refresh_P4ROOT_from_offline_db.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/refresh_P4ROOT_from_offline_db.sh 1

==== run_if_master.sh

See <<_run_if_masteredgereplica_sh>>

==== run_if_edge.sh

See <<_run_if_masteredgereplica_sh>>

==== run_if_replica.sh

See <<_run_if_masteredgereplica_sh>>

==== run_if_master/edge/replica.sh

The SDP uses wrapper scripts in the crontab: `run_if_master.sh`, `run_if_edge.sh`, `run_if_replica.sh`. We suggest you ensure these are working as desired, e.g.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/run_if_master.sh 1 echo yes
    /p4/common/bin/run_if_replica.sh 1 echo yes
    /p4/common/bin/run_if_edge.sh 1 echo yes

It is important to ensure these are returning the valid results for the server machine you are on.

Any issues with these scripts are likely configuration issues with `/p4/common/config/p4_1.vars` (for instance `1`)

=== More Server Scripts

These scripts are helpful components of the SDP that run on the server, but are not included in the default crontab schedules.

==== p4.crontab

Contains crontab entries to run the server maintenance scripts.

*Location*: /p4/sdp/Server/Unix/p4/common/etc/cron.d

==== verify_sdp.sh

Does basic verification of SDP setup.

[source]
.Usage
----
include::gen/verify_sdp.sh.man.txt[]
----

=== Other Scripts and Files

The following table describes other files in the SDP distribution. These files are usually not invoked directly by you; rather, they are invoked by higher-level scripts.

==== backup_functions.sh

This contains lots of standard Bash functions which are used in other scripts.

It is *sourced* (`source /p4/common/bin/backup_functions.sh`) by most of the other scripts in order to use the common shared functions and to avoid duplication.

It is not intendend to be called directly by the user.

==== broker_rotate.sh

This script rotates the broker log file on an instance that only has the broker running.

It can be added to a crontab for e.g. daily log rotation.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/broker_rotate.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/broker_rotate.sh 1

==== edge_dump.sh

This script is designed to create a seed checkpoint for an Edge server.

An edge server is naturally filtered, with certain database tables (e.g.
db.have) excluded.  In addition to implicit filtering, the server spec may
specify additional tables to be excluded, e.g. by using the
ArchiveDataFilter field of the server spec.

The script requires the SDP instance and the edge ServerID.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/edge_dump.sh <instance> <edge server id>
    /p4/common/bin/edge_dump.sh 1 p4d_edge_syd

It will output the full path of the checkpoint to be copied to the edge server and used with <<_recover_edge_sh>>

==== edge_vars

This file is sourced by scripts that work on edge servers.

It sets the correct list db.* files that are edge-specific in the
federated architecture.  This version is dependent on the version of
p4d in use.

It is not intended for users to call directly.

==== edge_shelf_replicate.sh

This script is intended to be run on an edge server and will ensure
that all shelves are replicated to that edge server (by running `p4 print` on them).

Only use if directed to by support/consulting.

==== load_checkpoint.sh

Loads a checkpoint for commit/edge/replica instance.

[source]
.Usage
----
include::gen/load_checkpoint.sh.man.txt[]
----

==== gen_default_broker_cfg.sh

Generate an SDP instance-specific variant of the generic
P4Broker config file.  Display to standard output.

Usage:

    cd /p4/common/bin
    gen_default_broker_cfg.sh 1 > /tmp/p4broker.cfg.ToBeReviewed

The final p4broker.cfg should end up here:

    /p4/common/config/p4_${SDP_INSTANCE}.${SERVERID}.broker.cfg

==== journal_watch.sh

This script will check diskspace available to P4JOURNAL and trigger a journal
rotation based on specified thresholds. This is useful in case you are in danger of
running out of disk space and your rotated journal files are stored on a separate
partition than the active journal.

This script is using the following external variables:

* SDP_INSTANCE - The instance of Perforce that is being backed up. If not
set in environment, pass in as argument to script.
* P4JOURNALWARN - Amount of space left (K,M,G,%) before min journal space where an email alert is sent
* P4JOURNALWARNALERT - Send an alert if warn threshold is reached (true/false, default: false)
* P4JOURNALROTATE - Amount of space left (K,M,G,%) before min journal space to trigger a journal rotation
* P4OVERRIDEKEEPJNL - Allow script to temporarily override KEEPJNL to retain enough journals to replay against oldest checkpoint (true/false, default: false)

.Usage

     /p4/common/bin/journal_watch.sh <P4JOURNALWARN> <P4JOURNALWARNALERT> <P4JOURNALROTATE> <P4OVERRIDEKEEPJNL (Optional)>

.Examples

Run from CLI that will warn via email if less than 20% is available and rotate journal when less than 10% is available

     ./journal_watch.sh 20% TRUE 10% TRUE

Cron job that will warn via email if less than 20% is available and rotate journal when less than 10% is available

     30 * * * * [ -e /p4/common/bin ] && /p4/common/bin/run_if_master.sh ${INSTANCE} /p4/common/bin/journal_watch.sh ${INSTANCE} 20\% TRUE 10\% TRUE

==== kill_idle.sh

Runs `p4 monitor terminate` on all processes showing in the output of `p4 monitor show` that are 
in the IDLE state.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/kill_idle.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/kill_idle.sh 1

==== p4d_base

This is the script to start/stop/restart the `p4d` instance.

It is called by `p4d_<instance>_init` script (and thus also `systemctl` on systemd Linux distributions)

It ensures appropriate parameters are specified for journal/log and other variables.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/p4d_base <instance> [ start|stop|admin_stop|status|restart|force_start ]
    /p4/common/bin/p4d_base 1 start

==== p4broker_base

Very similar to <<_p4d_base>> but for the `p4broker` service instance.

See https://www.perforce.com/manuals/p4dist/Content/P4Dist/chapter.broker.html[p4broker in SysAdmin Guide]

==== p4ftpd_base

Very similar to <<_p4d_base>> but for the `p4ftp` service instance.

This product is very seldom used these days!

See https://www.perforce.com/manuals/p4ftp/index.html[P4FTP Installation Guide.]

==== p4p_base

Very similar to <<_p4d_base>> but for the `p4p` (P4 Proxy) service instance.

See https://www.perforce.com/manuals/p4dist/Content/P4Dist/chapter.proxy.html[p4proxy in SysAdmin Guide]

==== p4pcm.pl

This utility removes files in the proxy cache if the amount of free disk space
falls below the low threshold.

[source]
.Usage
----
include::gen/p4pcm.pl.man.txt[]
----

==== p4review.py

Sends out email containing the change descriptions to users who are configured as reviewers for affected files (done by setting the Reviews: field in the user specification). This script is a version of the `p4review.py` script that is available on the Perforce Web site, but has been modified to use the server instance number. It relies on a configuration file in `/p4/common/config`, called `p4_<instance>.p4review.cfg`.

This is not required if you have installed Swarm which also performs notification functions and is easier for users to configure.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/p4review.py  # Uses config file as above

==== p4review2.py

Enhanced version of <<_p4review_py>>

. Run p4review2.py --sample-config > p4review.conf
. Edit the file p4review.conf
. Add a crontab similar to this:

    * * * * * python2.7 /path/to/p4review2.py -c /path/to/p4review.conf

Features:

* Prevent multiple copies running concurrently with a simple lock file.

* Logging support built-in.

* Takes command-line options.

* Configurable subject and email templates.

* Use P4Python when available and use P4 (the CLI) as a fallback.

* Option to send a __single__ email per user per invocation instead of
  multiple ones.

* Reads config from a INI-like file using ConfigParser

* Have command line options that overrides environment variables.

* Handles unicode-enabled server **and** non-ASCII characters on a
  non-unicode-enabled server.

* Option to opt-in (--opt-in-path) reviews globally (for migration
  from old review daemon).

* Configurable URLs for changes/jobs/users (for swarm).

* Able to limit the maximum email message size with a configurable.

* SMTP auth and TLS (not SSL) support.

* Handles P4 auth (optional, not recommended!).

==== p4sanity_check.sh

This is a simple script to run:

* p4 set
* p4 info
* p4 changes -m 10

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/p4sanity_check.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/p4sanity_check.sh 1

==== p4dstate.sh

This is a trouble-shooting script for use when directed by support, e.g. in situations such as server hanging, major locking problems etc.

It is an "SDP-aware" version of the https://community.perforce.com/s/article/15261[standard p4dstate.sh] so that it only requires the SDP instance to be specified as a parameter (since the location of logs etc are defined by SDP).

.Usage

    sudo /p4/common/bin/p4dstate.sh <instance>
    sudo /p4/common/bin/p4dstate.sh 1

==== ps_functions.sh

Common functions for using 'ps' to check on process ids. Not intended to be called directly but just to be sourced by other scripts.

    get_pids ($exe)

.Usage 

    Call with an exe name, e.g. /p4/1/bin/p4web_1

.Examples

    p4web_pids=$(get_pids $P4WEBBIN)
    p4broker_pids=$(get_pids $P4BROKERBIN)

==== pull.sh

This is a reference pull trigger implementation for https://community.perforce.com/s/article/15337[External Archive Transfer using pull-archive and edge-content triggers]

It is a fast content transfer mechanism using Aspera (and can be adapted to other similar UDP based products.) An 
Edge server uses this trigger to pull files from its upstream Commit server. It replaces or augments the built in replication archive pull and is useful in scenarios where there are lots of large (binary) files and commit/edge are geographically distribbuted with high latency and/or low bandwidth between them.

See also companion trigger <<_submit_sh>>

It is based around getting a list of files to copy from commit to edge.
Do the copy using `ascp` (Aspera file copy)

Configurable `pull.trigger.dir` should be set to a temp folder like `/p4/1/tmp`

Startup commands look like:

    startup.2=pull -i 1 -u --trigger --batch=1000

The trigger entry for the pull commands looks like this:

    pull_archive pull-archive pull "/p4/common/bin/triggers/pull.sh %archiveList%"

There are some pull trigger options, but the are not necessary with Aspera.
Aspera works best if you give it the max batch size of 1000 and set up 1 or more
threads. Note, that each thread will use the max bandwidth you specify, so a 
single pull-trigger thread is probably all you will want.

The `ascp` user needs to have ssl public keys set up or export `ASPERA_SCP_PASS`.

The `ascp` user should be set up with the target as / with full write access to the volume where
the depot files are located. The easiest way to do that is to use the same user that is 
running the p4d service.

TIP: ensure ascp is correctly configured and working in your environment:
https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ibm10747281
(search for "ascp connectivity testing")

Standard SDP environment is assumed, e.g P4USER, P4PORT, OSUSER, P4BIN, etc.
are set, PATH is appropriate, and a super user is logged in with a non-expiring
ticket.

IMPORTANT: Read the trigger comments for any customization requirements required for your environment.

See also the test version of the script: <<_pull_test_sh>>

See link:../Server/Unix/p4/common/bin/triggers/pull.sh[script] for details and to customize for your environment.

==== pull_test.sh

IMPORTANT: THIS IS A TEST SCRIPT - it substitutes for <<_pull_sh>> which uses Aspera's `ascp` and replaces
that with Linux standard `scp` utility. 
IT IS NOT INTENDED FOR PRODUCTION USE!!!!

If you don't have an Aspera license, then you can test with this script
to understand the process.

See link:../Server/Unix/p4/common/bin/triggers/pull_test.sh[script] for details.

There is a demonstrator project showing usage: https://github.com/rcowham/p4d-edge-pull-demo

==== purge_revisions.sh

This script will allow you to archive files and optionally purge files based
on a configurable number of days and minimum revisions that you want to keep.
This is useful if you want to keep a certain number of days worth of files
instead of a specific number of revisions.

Note: If you run this script with purge mode disabled, and then enable it after
the fact, all previously archived files specified in the configuration file will
be purged if the configured criteria is met.

Prior to running this script, you may want to disable server locks for archive
to reduce impact to end users.

https://www.perforce.com/perforce/doc.current/manuals/cmdref/Content/CmdRef/configurables.configurables.html#server.locks.archive

Parameters:

* SDP_INSTANCE - The instance of Perforce that is being backed up. If not set in environment, pass in as argument to script.
* P4_ARCHIVE_CONFIG - The location of the config file used to determine retention. If not set in environment, pass in as argument to script. This can be stored on a physical disk or somewhere in perforce.
* P4_ARCHIVE_DEPOT - Depot to archive the files in (string)
* P4_ARCHIVE_REPORT_MODE - Do not archive revisions; report on which revisions would have been archived (bool - default: true)
* P4_ARCHIVE_TEXT - Archive text files (or other revisions stored in delta format, such as files of type binary+D) (bool - default: false)
* P4_PURGE_MODE - Enables purging of files after they are archived (bool - default: false)

.Config File Format

The config file should contain a list of file paths, number of days and minimum
of revisions to keep in a tab delimited format.

   <PATH>    <DAYS>  <MINIMUM REVISIONS>

Example:

    //test/1.txt	10	1
    //test/2.txt	1	3
    //test/3.txt	10	10
    //test/4.txt	30	3
    //test/5.txt	30	8

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/purge_revisions.sh <SDP_INSTANCE> <P4_ARCHIVE_CONFIG> <P4_ARCHIVE_DEPOT> <P4_ARCHIVE_REPORT_MODE (Optional)> 4_ARCHIVE_TEXT (Optional)> <P4_PURGE_MODE (Optional)>

.Examples

Run from CLI that will archive files as defined in the config file

     ./purge_revisions.sh 1 /p4/common/config/p4_1.p4purge.cfg archive FALSE

Cron job that will will archive files as defined in the config file, including text files

     30 0 * * * [ -e /p4/common/bin ] && /p4/common/bin/run_if_master.sh ${INSTANCE} /p4/common/bin/purge_revisions.sh $NSTANCE} /p4/common/config/p4_1.p4purge.cfg archive FALSE FALSE

==== recover_edge.sh

This script is designed to rebuild an Edge server from a seed checkpoint from
the master WHILE KEEPING THE EXISTING EDGE SPECIFIC DATA.

You have to first copy the seed checkpoint from the master, created with
<<_edge_dump_sh>>, to the edge server before running this script.  (Alternately,
a full checkpoint from the master can be used so long as the edge server
spec does not specify any filtering, e.g. does not use ArchiveDataFilter.)

Then run this script on the Edge server host with the instance number and full
path of the master seed checkpoint as parameters.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/recover_edge.sh <instance> <absolute path to checkpoint>
    /p4/common/bin/recover_edge.sh 1 /p4/1/checkpoints/p4_1.edge_syd.seed.ckp.9188.gz

==== replica_cleanup.sh

This script performs the following actions for a replica:

* rotate logs
* remove old checkpoints and journals
* remove old logs

It is a convenenience script for occasional use.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/replica_cleanup.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/replica_cleanup.sh 1

==== replica_status.sh

This script is regularly run by crontab on a replica or edge (using <<_run_if_replica_sh>>)

    0 8 * * * [ -e /p4/common/bin ] && /p4/common/bin/run_if_replica.sh ${INSTANCE} /p4/common/bin/replica_status.sh ${INSTANCE} > /dev/null
    0 8 * * * [ -e /p4/common/bin ] && /p4/common/bin/run_if_edge.sh ${INSTANCE} /p4/common/bin/replica_status.sh ${INSTANCE} > /dev/null

It performs a `p4 pull -lj` command on the replica to report current replication status, and emails this to the standard SDP administrator email on a daily basis. This is useful for monitoring purposes to detect replica lag or similar problems.

If you are using enhance monitoring such as https://github.com/perforce/p4prometheus[p4prometheus] then this script may not be required.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/replica_status.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/replica_status.sh 1

==== request_replica_checkpoint.sh

This script is intended to be run on a standby replica.  It essentially just
calls 'p4 admin checkpoint -Z' to reqeust a checkpoint and exits. The actual
checkpoint is created on the next journal rotation on the master.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/request_replica_checkpoint.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/request_replica_checkpoint.sh 1
    
==== rotate_journal.sh

This script is a convenience script to perform the following actions for the specified instance (single parameter):

* rotate live journal
* replay it to the `offline_db`
* rotate logs files according to the settings in `p4_vars` for things like `KEEP_LOGS`

It is not often used.

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/rotate_journal.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/rotate_journal.sh 1


==== submit.sh

Example submit trigger for https://community.perforce.com/s/article/15337[External Archive Transfer using pull-archive and edge-content triggers]

This is a reference edge-content trigger for use with an Edge/Commit server topology - the 
Edge server uses this trigger to transmit files which are being submitted to the Commit instead
of using its normal file transfer mechanism.
This trigger uses Aspera for fast file transfer, and UDP, rather than TCP and is typically 
much faster, especially with high latency connections.

Companion trigger/script to <<_pull_sh>>

Uses `fstat -Ob` with some filtering to generate a list of files to be copied.
Create a temp file with the filename pairs expected by ascp, and
then perform the copy.

This configurable must be set:

    rpl.submit.nocopy=1

The edge-content trigger looks like this:

    EdgeSubmit edge-content //... "/p4/common/bin/triggers/ascpSubmit.sh %changelist%"

The `ascp` user needs to have ssl public keys set up or export `ASPERA_SCP_PASS`.
The `ascp` user should be set up with the target as / with full write access to the volume where
the depot files are located. The easiest way to do that is to use the same user that is
running the p4d service.

TIP: ensure `ascp` is correctly configured and working in your environment:
https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ibm10747281
(search for "ascp connectivity testing")

Standard SDP environment is assumed, e.g P4USER, P4PORT, OSUSER, P4BIN, etc.
are set, PATH is appropriate, and a super user is logged in with a non-expiring
ticket.

See the test version of this script below: <<_submit_test_sh>>

See link:../Server/Unix/p4/common/bin/triggers/submit.sh[script] for details and to customize for your environment.

==== submit_test.sh

IMPORTANT: THIS IS A TEST SCRIPT - it substitutes for <<_submit_sh>> (which uses Aspera) - and replaces `ascp` with Linux standard `scp`.
IT IS NOT INTENDED FOR PRODUCTION USE!!!!

If you don't have an Aspera license, then you can test with this script
to understand the process.

See link:../Server/Unix/p4/common/bin/triggers/submit_test.sh[script] for details.

There is a demonstrator project showing usage: https://github.com/rcowham/p4d-edge-pull-demo

==== sync_replica.sh

This script is included in the standard crontab for a replica.

It runs `rsync` to mirror the `/p4/1/checkpoints` (assumings instance `1`) directory to the replica machine.

It then uses the latest checkpoint in that directory to update the local `offline_db` directory for the replica.

This ensures that the replica can be quickly and easily reseeded if required without having to first copy checkpoints locally (which can take hours over slow WAN links).

.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/sync_replica.sh <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/sync_replica.sh 1

==== templates directory

This sub-directory of `/p4/common/bin` contains some files which can be used as templates
for new commands if you wish:

* template.pl - Perl
* template.py - Python
* template.py.cfg - config file for python
* template.sh - Bash

They are not intended to be run directly.

==== update_limits.py

This is a Python script which is intended to be called from a crontab entry one per hour.

It ensures that all current users are added to the `limits` group. This makes it easy for an administrator to configure global limits on values such as MaxScanRows, MaxSearchResults etc. This can reduce load on a heavily loaded instance.

For more information:

* https://community.perforce.com/s/article/2529[Maximising Perforce Helix Core Performance]
* https://community.perforce.com/s/article/2521[Multiple MaxScanRows and similar values]


.Usage

    /p4/common/bin/update_limits.py <instance>
    /p4/common/bin/update_limits.py 1

[appendix]
== SDP Package Contents

The directory structure of the SDP is shown below in Figure 1 - SDP Package Directory Structure. This includes all SDP files, including documentation and maintenance scripts. A subset of these files are deployed to server machines during the installation process.

    sdp
        doc
        Server (Core SDP Files)
            Unix
                setup (unix specific setup)
                p4
                    common
                        bin (Backup scripts, etc)
                            triggers (Example triggers)
                        config
                        etc
                            cron.d
                            init.d
                            lib
                            test
        setup (cross platform setup - typemap, configure, etc)
        test (automated test scripts)

Figure 1 - SDP Package Directory Structure

=== Volume Layout and Server Planning

Figure 2: SDP Runtime Structure and Volume Layout, viewed from the top down, displays 
a Perforce _application_ administrator's view of the system, which shows how to 
navigate the directory structure to find databases, log files, and versioned files in
the depots. Viewed from the bottom up, it displays a Perforce _system_ administrator's 
view, emphasizing the physical volume where Perforce data is stored.

==== Memory and CPU

Make sure the server has enough memory to cache the *db.rev* database file and to prevent the server from paging during user queries. Maximum performance is obtained if the server has enough memory to keep all of the database files in memory. While the p4d process itself is frugal with system resources such as RAM, it benefits from an excess of RAM due to modern operating systems using excess RAM as file I/O cache. This is to the great benefit of p4d, even though the p4d process itself may not be seen as consuming much RAM directly.

*Below are some approximate guidelines for* allocating memory.

* 1.5 kilobyte of RAM per file revision stored in the server.

* 32 MB of RAM per user.

INFO: When doing detailed history imports from legacy SCM systems into Perforce, there may be many revisions of files. You want to account for `(total files) x (average number of revisions per file)` rather than simply the total number of files.

Use the fastest processors available with the fastest available bus speed. Faster processors are typically more desirable than a greater number of cores and provide better performance since quick bursts of computational speed are more important to Perforce's performance than the number of processors. Have a minimum of two processors so that the offline checkpoint and back up processes do not interfere with your Perforce server. There are log analysis options to diagnose underperforming servers and improve things. Contact Perforce Support/Perforce Consulting for details.

==== Directory Structure Configuration Script for Linux/Unix

This script describes the steps performed by the mkdirs.sh script on Linux/Unix platforms. Please review this appendix carefully before running these steps manually. Assuming the three-volume configuration described in the Volume Layout and Hardware section are used, the following directories are created. The following examples are illustrated with "1" as the server instance number.

[cols=",",options="header",]
|===
|_Directory_ |_Remarks_
|`/p4` |Must be under root (`/`) on the OS volume
|`/hxdepots/p4/1/bin` |Files in here are generated by the mkdirs.sh script.
|`/hxdepots/p4/1/depots` |
|`/hxdepots/p4/1/tmp` |
|`/hxdepots/p4/common/config` |Contains p4_<instance>.vars file, e.g. `p4_1.vars`
|`/hxdepots/p4/common/bin` |Files from `$SDP/Server/Unix/p4/common/bin`.
|`/hxdepots/p4/common/etc` |Contains `init.d` and `cron.d`.
|`/hxlogs/p4/1/logs/old` |
|`/hxmetadata2/p4/1/db2` |Contains offline copy of main server databases (linked by `/p4/1/offline_db`.
|`/hxmetadata1/p4/1/db1/save` |Used only during running of `refresh_P4ROOT_from_offline_db.sh` for extra redundancy.
|===

Next, `mkdirs.sh` creates the following symlinks in the `/hxdepots/p4/1` directory:

[cols=",,",options="header",]
|===
|*_Link source_* |*_Link target_* |*_Command_*
|`/hxmetadata1/p4/1/db1` |`/p4/1/root` |`ln -s /hxmetadata1/p4/1/root`
|`/hxmetadata2/p4/1/db2` |`/p4/1/offline_db` |`ln -s /hxmetadata1/p4/1/offline_db`
|`/hxlogs/p4/1/logs` |`/p4/1/logs` |`ln -s /hxlogs/p4/1/logs`
|===

Then these symlinks are created in the /p4 directory:

[cols=",,",options="header",]
|===
|*_Link source_* |*_Link target_* |*_Command_*
|`/hxdepots/p4/1` |`/p4/1` |`ln -s /hxdepots/p4/1 /p4/1`
|`/hxdepots/p4/common` |`/p4/common` |`ln -s /hxdepots/p4/common /p4/common`
|===

Next, `mkdirs.sh` renames the Perforce binaries to include version and build number, and then creates appropriate symlinks.

==== P4D versions and links

The versioned binary links in `/p4/common/bin` are as below.

For the example of <instance> `1` we have:

    ls -l /p4/1/bin
    p4d_1 -> /p4/common/bin/p4d_1_bin

The structure is shown in this example, illustrating values for two instances, with instance #1 using p4d release 2018.1 and instance #2 using release 2018.2. 

In /p4/1/bin:

    p4_1 -> /p4/common/bin/p4_1_bin
    p4d_1 -> /p4/common/bin/p4d_1_bin

In /p4/2/bin:

    p4_2 -> /p4/common/bin/p4_2
    p4d_2 -> /p4/common/bin/p4d_2

In `/p4/common/bin`:

    p4_1_bin -> p4_2018.1_bin
    p4_2018.1_bin -> p4_2018.1.685046
    p4_2018.1.685046

    p4_2_bin -> p4_2018.2_bin
    p4_2018.2_bin -> p4_2018.2.700949
    p4_2018.2.700949

    p4d_1_bin -> p4d_2018.1_bin
    p4d_2018.1_bin -> p4d_2018.1.685046
    p4d_2018.1.685046

    p4d_2_bin -> p4d_2018.2_bin
    p4d_2018.2_bin -> p4d_2018.2.700949
    p4d_2018.2.700949

The naming of the last comes from:

    ./p4d_2018.2.700949 -V
    
    Rev. P4D/LINUX26X86_64/2018.2/700949 (2019/07/31).


So we see the build number `p4d_2018.2.700949` being included in the name of the p4d executable.

TIP: Although this link structure may appear quite complex, it is easy to understand, and it allows different instances on the same server host to be running with different patch levels, or indeed different releases. And you can upgrade those instances independently of each other which can be very useful.

==== Case Insensitive P4D on Unix

By default `p4d` is case sensitive on Unix for filenames and directory names etc.

It is possible and quite common to run your server in case insensitive mode. This is often done when Windows is the main operating system in use on the client host machines.

IMPORTANT: In "case insensitive" mode, that means that you should ALWAYS execute `p4d` with the flag `-C1` (or you risk possible table corruption in some circumstances). 

The SDP achieves this by executing a simple Bash script:

   #!/bin/bash
   P4D=/p4/common/bin/p4d_${SDP_INSTANCE}_bin
   # shellcheck disable=SC2016
   exec $P4D -C1 "$@"

So the above will ensure that `/p4/common/bin/p4d_1_bin` (for instance `1`) is executed with the `-C1` flag.

As noted above, for case sensitive servers, `p4d_1` is normally just a link:

    /p4/1/bin/p4d_1 -> /p4/common/bin/p4d_1_bin

[appendix]
== Frequently Asked Questions/Troubleshooting

This appendix lists common questions and problems encountered by SDP users. Do not hesitate to contact consulting@perforce.com if additional assistance is required.

=== Journal out of sequence

This error is encountered when the offline and live databases are no longer in sync, and will cause the offline checkpoint process to fail. Because the scripts will replay all outstanding journals, this error is much less likely to occur. This error can be fixed by running the <<_live_checkpoint_sh>> script. Alternatively, if you know that the checkpoints created from previous runs of <<_daily_checkpoint_sh>> are correct, then restore the `offline_db` from the last known good checkpoint.

=== Unexpected end of file in replica daily sync

Check the start time and duration of the <<_daily_checkpoint_sh>> cron job on the master. If this overlaps with the start time of the <<_sync_replica_sh>> cron job on a replica, a truncated checkpoint may be rsync'd to the replica and replaying this will result in an error.

Adjust the replica's cronjob to start later to resolve this.

Default cron job times, as installed by the SDP are initial estimates, and should be adjusted to suit your production environment.

[appendix]
== Starting and Stopping Services

There are a variety of _init mechanisms_ on various Linux flavors. The following describes how to start and stop services using different init mechanisms.

=== SDP Service Management with the systemd init mechanism

On modern OS's, like RHEL/CentOS 7/& 8, and Ubuntu 18.04 and 20.04, and SuSE 12 and 15, the `systemd` init mechanim is used. The underlying SDP init scripts are used, but they are wrapped with "unit" files in `/etc/systemd/system` directory, and called using the `systemctl` interface as `root` (typically using `sudo` while running as the `perforce` user).

On systems where systemd is used, *the service should only be started using the `sudo systemctl` command*, as in this example:

   sudo systemctl status p4d_N
   sudo systemctl start p4d_N
   sudo systemctl status p4d_N

Note that there is no immediate indication from running the start command that it was actually successful, hence the status command is run immediately after.  (If the start was unsuccessful, a good start to diagnostics would include running `tail /p4/N/logs/log` and `cat /p4/N/logs/p4d_init.log`).

The service should also be stopped in the same manner:

   sudo systemctl stop p4d_N

Checking for status can be done using both the `systemctl` command, or calling the underlying SDP init script directly. However, there are cases where the status indication may be different.  Calling the underlying SDP init script for status will always report status accurately, as in this example:

   /p4/N/bin/p4d_N_init status

That works reliably even if the service was started with `systemctl start p4d_N`.

Checking status using the systemctl mechanis is done like so:

   sudo systemctl start p4d_N

If this reports that the service is *`active (running)`*, such indication is relaible. However, the status indication may falsely indicate that the service is down when it is actually running. This will occur if the underlying init script was used to start the server rather than using `sudo systemctl start p4d_N` as prescribed. The status indication will only indicate that the service is running if it was started using the systemctl mechanism.

Since `status` is unreliable with systemd, a reboot of the system without first manually shutting down the p4d process will not benefit from a graceful shutdown, and data corruption is possible.  This issue is not specific to `p4d`. Any database application can suffer the same sort of corruption if not shutdown gracefully during a reboot.

To ensure no such corruption occurs, it is strongly recommended that the p4d service

==== Brokers and Proxies

In the above examples for starting, stoping, and status-checking of services using either the SysV or `systemd` init mechanisms, `p4d` is the sample service managed.  This can be replaced with `p4p` or `p4broker` to manage proxy and broker services, respectively.  For example, on a `systemd` system, the broker service, if configured, can be started like so:

   sudo systemctl status p4broker_1
   sudo systemctl start p4broker_1
   sudo systemctl status p4broker_1

==== Root or sudo required with systemd

For SysV, having sudo is optional, as the underlying SDP init scripts can be called safely as `root` or `perforce`; the service runs as `perforce`.

If `systemd` is used, by default `root` access (often granted via `sudo`) is needed to start and stop the p4d service, effectively making sudo access required for the `perforce` user.  The systemd "unit" files provided with the SDP handle making sure the underlying SDP init scripts start running under the correct operating sytem account user (typically `perforce`).

=== SDP Service Management with SysV init mechanism

On older OS's, like RHEL/CentOS 6, the SysV init mechanism is used.  For those, you can the following example commands, replacing _N_ with the actual SDP instance name

   sudo service p4d_N_init status

The service can be checked for status, started and stopped by calling the underlying SDP init scripts as either `root` or `perforce` directly:

   /p4/N/bin/p4d_N_init status

Replace `status` with `start` or `stop` as needed. It is common to do a `status` check immediately before and after a `start` or `stop`.

During installation, a symlink is setup such that `/etc/init.d/p4d_N_init` is a symlink to `/p4/N/bin/p4_N_init`, and the proper `chkconfig` commands are run to register the application as a serivice that will be started on boot and gracefully shutdown on reboot.

On systems using SysV, calling the underlying SDP init scripts is safe and completely interchangeable with using the `service` command being run as `root`.  That is, you can start a service with the underlying SDP init script, and the SysV init mechanism will still safely detect whether the service is running during a system shutdown, and thus will perform a graceful stop if p4d is up and running when you go to reboot.  The status indication of the underlying SDP init script is absolutely 100% reliable, regardless of how the service was started (i.e. calling the init script directly as `root` or `perforce`, or using the `service` call as `root`.

